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Indefinite Integration
- August 16, 2020
- Category: Indefinite Integration
Indefinite Integration
I. If for the function g (x) defined on interval I ⊂ R ,
∀ x ∈ I , \frac{d}{dx} g ( x ) = f (x) ⇔ = g ( x ) + c
; Where, c = arbitrary constant
II If f is integrable on I = ( a , b ) ⊂ R and ∀ x ∈ I , then f is continuous on ∀ x
III. Working Rules : –
If f and g are integrable on I = ( a , b ) ⊂ R and ∀ x ∈ I , then
=
±
2.
- If f : I → R is continuous with a ≠ 0 and
= F (x) + c , then
=
F (ax+ b) + c
- If f and are continuous functions ( n ≠ 1, f (x) > 0 &
(x) ≠ 0 ) , then
= n+1n+1 + c
- If f is continuous on [ a , b ] ,
is differentiable on ( a , b ) and
is also continuous ( f (x) ≠ 0 &
(x) ≠ 0 ) , then ∀ x ∈ [ a , b ]
= log
+ c
- Integration by Parts : –
If u is differentiable and v is integrable, then
=
–
+ c
Choice of u are taken in the order of L I A T E 1 : –
L = Logarithm e.g. log 2x + 3 , log x etc.
I = Inverse Trigonometry Functions e.g. sin-1 x , tan x etc.
A = Arithmetic Functions e.g. 2x + 3 , 5 x3 – 4 x2 + 7x – 9 etc.
T = Trigonometry Functions e.g. sin x, cos x etc.
E = Exponential Functions e.g. , ex
1 =1
IV Standard Integrals : –
; n ≠ – 1 & x ∈
,
&
=
; x ∈ R – { 0 }
=
; x ∈ R & a ∈
– { 1 }
; x ∈ R
= tan x + c
= – cot x + c
= sec x + c
=
; ± a ≠ x ∈ R
12. =
+ c ; ± a ≠ x ∈ R
13. = log
14. If , then
=
+ c = – cos-1
+ c ; a > 0
= – sin-1 + c = cos-1
+ c ; a < 0
15. If |x | > |a| > 1 , then
=
+ c = – cosec-1
+ c
16. =
+ c = –
+ c
17. ; x ≠ ( 2k + 1 )
, k ∈ Z
18. + c ; x ≠ k π , k ∈ Z
19. + c ; x ≠ 2 k π , k ∈ Z
= log + c
= log
+ c ; x ≠ 2 k π , k ∈ Z
= log + c
=
+
+ c
- If
, then
=
–
+ c
- If |x | < a , then
=
+
+ c
=
( a sin bx – b cos bx ) + c
= + c ; θ = tan-1
& a, b≠ 0
=
( a cos bx + b sin bx ) + c
= + c ; θ = tan-1
& a, b≠ 0
V Trigonometric Substitutions : –
Integral Substitution
→ x = a sin θ OR x = a cos θ
→ x = a sec θ OR x = a cosec θ
→ x = a tan θ OR x = a cot θ
→ x = a sin θ OR x = a cos 2θ
→ x = a tan θ OR x = a cos 2θ
→ x = 2a sin θ OR x = 2a cos θ
→ x = 2a tan θ OR x = 2a cot θ
→ x = a cos 2θ
Definite Integration
I =
; Where, h =
= h
; Where, h =
II Some Basic Concepts : –
Here, f is continuous on I = [ a, b ] .
- If
= F ( x ) + c , then
=
= F ( b ) – F ( a )
2. =
3.
4.
5. If a < c < b
=
III. Working Rules : –
If f and g are integrable on I = ( a , b ) ⊂ R and ∀ x ∈ I , then
1. =
2.
IV Some Results : –
- If f is continuous on I = [ – a, a ] , then
= 2
; f is even on [ – a, a ] with a ∈
= 0 ; f is odd on [ – a, a ] with a ∈
- If f is continuous on I = [ a , b ] , then
=
- If f is continuous on I = [ 0 , 2a ] , then
=
+
- If f is continuous on I = [ 0 , 2a ] , then
= 2
; f ( 2a – x) = f (x)
= 0 ; f ( 2a – x) = – f (x)